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Correspondence
1 (
2
); 115-116
doi:
10.25259/IJPGD_12_2022

Angina Bullosa Haemorrhagica: A Presenting Feature of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever

Department of Dermatology, IMS and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.

*Corresponding author: Nibedita Dixit, Department of Dermatology, IMS and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India. nibeditadixit@soa.ac.in

Licence
This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-Share Alike 4.0 License, which allows others to remix, transform, and build upon the work non-commercially, as long as the author is credited and the new creations are licensed under the identical terms.

How to cite this article: Singh BS, Mohapatra L, Nayak MK, Dixit N. Angina Bullosa Haemorrhagica: A Presenting Feature of Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever. Indian J Postgrad Dermatol 2023;1:115-6.

Dear Editor,

A 30-year-old male presented to skin OPD with the sudden haemorrhagic blistering on the left buccal mucosa for 1 day. The lesion was asymptomatic. The patient gave a history of malaise and fever 4 days before the blister. Fever subsided with antipyretics. On examination of the oral cavity, there was a haemorrhagic blister of size 2 × 2 cm present in the left buccal mucosa above the left second molar [Figure 1]. Rest of the mucosa was uninvolved. A provisional diagnosis of angina bullosa haemorrhagica (ABH) was made. The patient developed multiple asymptomatic pinpoint purpuric macules over bilateral upper extremities and the trunk next day [Figure 2]. There was thrombocytopenia, relative lymphocytosis with a total platelet count of 41,000/uL. He was then advised a dengue serology. The patient tested positive for immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G antibody against dengue antigen. The haemorrhagic blister ruptured spontaneously and healed in 3 days without any scarring.

Haemorrhagic blister of size 2 × 2 cm present in the left buccal mucosa just above the second molar tooth.
Figure 1:
Haemorrhagic blister of size 2 × 2 cm present in the left buccal mucosa just above the second molar tooth.
Multiple asymptomatic pinpoint purpuric macules over bilateral upper extremities and the trunk.
Figure 2:
Multiple asymptomatic pinpoint purpuric macules over bilateral upper extremities and the trunk.

ABH presents clinically with blisters filled with blood mostly on the soft palate. They generally reach a size of 2–3 cm.[1] They tend to rupture spontaneously, leaving a ragged ulcer which might be painful that heals without scarring. Approximately 30% of patients may have a recurrence.[2] The incidence in male is 48% and in female is 52%.[2]

Its etiologic remains unknown. Laboratory evaluation usually fails to show any underlying illness. Stephenson et al. presented a series of 30 patients, in which no clear precipitating factor was found in 47% of the cases.[1] The commonly described factors are: Trauma by a sharp cusp or edge of an adjacent tooth or metal crown, injury due to mastication, hot drinks, steroids use as well as minor surgical procedure.[3] Badham[4] reported association between ABH and systemic conditions, such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension including menstruation in some female patients. Moreover, several cases of chronic kidney failure associated ABM have been described in various literature.[5,6]

Dengue fever generally presents with high-grade fever, arthralgia, myalgia, headache, sore throat and maculopapular rash with islands of sparing. Some atypical manifestations include disseminated intravascular coagulation, acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome.[7]

After an extensive search of literature, we could not find the association between dengue and ABH which is highly misdiagnosed and under-reported. Although ABH is commonly not associated with any underlying disease, the index case highlights that it may be the earliest cutaneous manifestations of a viral haemorrhagic fever like dengue.

Declaration of patient consent

The authors certify that they have obtained all appropriate patient consent.

Conflicts of interest

There are no conflicts of interest.

Financial support and sponsorship

Nil.

References

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